![]() Some African languages, such as Setswana and Luganda, also have initial consonant length-in fact, initial consonant length is very common in Luganda and is used to indicate certain grammatical features. There are very few languages that have initial consonant length among them are Pattani Malay, Chuukese, a few Romance languages such as Sicilian and Neapolitan, and many of the High Alemannic German dialects (such as Thurgovian). Another important phenomenon is that sandhi produces long consonants to word boundaries from an archiphonemic glottal stop, for example → "take it!"ĭistinctive consonant length is usually restricted to certain consonants. ![]() Finnish consonant length is also affected by consonant gradation. In Finnish, both are phonemic, such that taka "back", takka "fireplace", taakka "burden", and so forth are different, unrelated words this distinction is traceable all the way back to Proto-Uralic. In other languages, such as Finnish, consonant length and vowel length are independent of each other. In Classical Arabic, a long vowel was lengthened even more before permanently-geminate consonants, this is no longer exhibited in varieties of colloquial Arabic or even MSA, however. ![]() That is, a short vowel within a stressed syllable almost always precedes a long consonant or a consonant cluster, whereas a long vowel must be followed by a short consonant. In some languages, e.g., Italian, Swedish, Faroese, Icelandic and Luganda, consonant length and vowel length depend on each other. Long consonants are usually around one and a half or two times as long as short consonants, depending on the language. In lengthened stops, the obstruction of the airway is prolonged, delaying release. Nevertheless, the difference between geminates and singletons phrase initially is proportionately less than in phrase-medial position.Lengthened fricatives, nasals, laterals, approximants, and trills are simply prolonged. Third, stops are longer in phrase-initial than phrase-medial position, indicating articulatory strengthening. This means that-even without acoustic CD cues for perception-geminates are articulated with substantially longer oral closure than singletons. Second, phrase initially, the contact data unequivocally establish a quantity distinction. ![]() First, as expected, CD and contact duration of the articulators mirror each other within a phrase: Geminates are longer than singletons. Nevertheless, do speakers utilize articulatory means to maintain the contrast? By using electropalatography, the articulatory and acoustic properties of word-initial alveolar stops were investigated in phrase-initial and phrase-medial contexts. This holds word medially as well as phrase medially, e.g., “without roar” versus “without can.” Since the stops are voiceless, no CD cue distinguishes geminates from singletons phrase initially. As in most languages with consonant quantity contrast, geminate stops are produced with significantly longer closure duration (CD) than singletons in an intersonorant context. Stops in Swiss German contrast only in quantity in all word positions aspiration and voicing play no role. ![]()
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